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Editor's note: The following is an excerpt from Wendy Williams and Robert Whitcomb's new book, "Cape Wind: Money, Celebrity, Class, Politics, and the Battle for Our Energy Future on Nantucket Sound" (Public Affairs, 2007).
Prologue
December 6, 2004
Martha's Vineyard Island, Mass.
David McCullough's face contorted with anger. "It's outrageous!" he yelled. He sounded like anyone but the mellow, well-measured man of letters who narrated tales of American history on national television. Indeed, the popular author sounded quite overwrought. Nantucket Sound, he shouted, is "hallowed ground."
He had uttered that phrase before, as the narrator of Ken Burns' famous Civil War documentary aired on public television. This time, however, he was sounding his own battle cry, crowing his promotion to general in the seaside civil war, a war that had become an internationally watched conflict over the future of energy and of America's air, coasts and oceans.
On this late-fall evening, as the sky spit a chilly mixture of snow and sleet, McCullough's big voice filled the high school auditorium lobby on Martha's Vineyard, an island favored by movie stars, politicians, the international jet set, authors and other glitterati. He continued his mini oration, "This is a preservation issue. It's not an environmental issue."
McCullough, surrounded by a small circle of admirers, had just walked out of the first of a group of four public hearings called by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regarding a proposal to build a large electrical-generation project in the middle of a body of water known as Nantucket Sound. Cape Wind Associates, a limited liability company, wanted to place a vast field of wind turbines out in the salt water. The turbines would, said the developers, produce enough clean electricity to satisfy a considerable proportion of Cape Cod's needs. Indeed, on rare occasions, the project would supply all the necessary electricity, obviating the consumption of fossil fuels.
Over the three years the battle had raged, McCullough's opposition to the project had become common knowledge around Cape Cod and the wealthy islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, in part because of a highly emotional radio advertisement he had recorded that excoriated the project.
Rarely, however, did McCullough appear at public meetings about the wind farm. Indeed, like so many of the beautiful people engineering the public show of fury over Cape Wind, the television star and author preferred controlled, closed-door situations. Tonight, though, after refusing a request for a formal interview, he sputtered on. "This is visual pollution," he complained. He was unable to stop talking. As he and his entourage departed the building, the sentences trailed after him, like leaves blowing in a high wind.
Cape Wind, the brain child of a small group of innovative energy developers, first made headlines in the summer of 2001, only weeks before Sept. 11. The first adamant public opposition surfaced less than a month after the World Trade Center disaster.
Cape Wind president Jim Gordon, a fiercely driven and ardently independent man who had made millions during his 30-year career as an energy entrepreneur, had initially proposed erecting 170 towering wind turbines five miles off the Cape's southern coast. During the course of the battle, as offshore wind technology improved, the number of turbines had dropped to 130, but the output of the individual turbines had grown considerably, from 2.8 to 3.6 megawatts each.
The project's resultant "nameplate capacity" would have been 468 megawatts, quite large for a wind farm. The project's typical output, however, would have been rather less, since wind turbines only rarely operate at full capacity. Because Nantucket Sound's winds often blow best when electricity is needed most, during the frigid wintertime when fossil-fuel costs are high or on hot summer days when Cape Cod's many 7,000-square-foot shoreline homes have their air conditioners pumping hard, an ocean-based wind farm seemed to Gordon an obvious solution to New England's power-generation dilemma. Lacking indigenous fossil fuels, the region suffered extremely high electricity prices. Moreover, much of the region's electrical generation was aged, inefficient and consequently highly polluting.
Because New England's coastal regions are already so overdeveloped, little space remained for land-based wind projects. Building offshore seemed an obvious solution to the crisis. Nevertheless, Gordon, a wildcatter, had shocked the region by proposing the massive project. Although offshore wind had a successful ten-year history in Europe, the projects to date had been relatively small-scale. Nothing this ambitious had been built, although several proposed projects far exceeded the size suggested for Nantucket Sound.
Gordon was undeterred. Ebullient and confident, he believed his project would pay off financially while also cutting down on fossil fuel emissions. From Gordon's point of view, the region would be trading a small area of the ocean, used mostly for recreational sailing and saltwater fishing, for cleaner air and a leadership role in clean energy innovation.
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Wendy Williams is the author of several books and has also written for publications such a Scientific American, Science, the Christian Science Monitor, Audubon and others. Robert Whitcomb is the editor of several books and is the vice president and editorial-page editor of the Providence Journal.
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