WAR OF 1812 ENDS:

December 24, 1814

The Treaty of Peace and Amity between His Britannic Majesty and the United
States of America is signed by British and American representatives at Ghent,
Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory
was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the
United States and Canada.In June 1812, the United States declared war against
Great Britain in reaction to three issues: the British economic blockade of
France, the induction of thousands of neutral American seamen into the British
Royal Navy against their will, and the British support of hostile Indian tribes
along the Great Lakes frontier. A faction of Congress, made up mostly of western
and southern congressmen, had been advocating the declaration of war for several
years. These "War Hawks," as they were known, hoped that war with Britain, which
was preoccupied with its struggle against Napoleonic France, would result in
U.S. territorial gains in Canada and British-protected Florida.In the months
following the U.S. declaration of war, American forces launched a three-point
invasion of Canada, all of which were repulsed. At sea, however, the United
States was more successful, and the USS Constitution and other American frigates
won a series of victories over British warships. In 1813, American forces won
several key victories in the Great Lakes region, but Britain regained control of
the sea and blockaded the eastern seaboard. In 1814, with the downfall of
Napoleon, the British were able to allocate more military resources to the
American war, and Washington, D.C., fell to the British in August. In
Washington, British troops burned the White House, the Capitol, and other
buildings in retaliation for the earlier burning of government buildings in
Canada by U.S. soldiers. The British soon retreated, however, and Fort McHenry
in Baltimore harbor withstood a massive British bombardment and inspired Francis
Scott Key to pen the "Star-Spangled Banner."On September 11, 1814, the tide of
the war turned when Thomas Macdonough's American naval force won a decisive
victory at the Battle of Plattsburg Bay on Lake Champlain. A large British army
under Sir George Prevost was thus forced to abandon its invasion of the U.S.
northeast and retreat to Canada. The American victory on Lake Champlain led to
the conclusion of U.S.-British peace negotiations in Belgium, and on December
24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, ending the war. Although the treaty
said nothing about two of the key issues that started the war--the rights of
neutral U.S. vessels and the impressment of U.S. sailors--it did open up the
Great Lakes region to American expansion and was hailed as a diplomatic victory
in the United States.News of the treaty took almost two months to cross the
Atlantic, and British forces were not informed of the end of hostilities in time
to end their drive against the mouth of the Mississippi River. On January 8,
1815, a large British army attacked New Orleans and was decimated by an inferior
American force under General Andrew Jackson in the most spectacular U.S. victory
of the war. The American public heard of the Battle of New Orleans and the
Treaty of Ghent at approximately the same time, fostering a greater sentiment of
self-confidence and shared identity throughout the young republic.