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Turn on, tune in, drop out, was the mantra of the 60s guru Timothy Leary, who ran experiments on using LSD at Harvard. Millions of America's youth listened -- including the teenage Rick Doblin. But Leary's work ran into serious criticism, the US banned psychedelics and research into them became career death. Doblin, however, "kept the faith" and is among those backing new, headline-grabbing work with psychedelics. Rick Doblin studied psychology at New College of Florida and then completed a PhD at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government on the regulation of the medical use of psychedelics and marijuana. In 1986 he founded the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, and is on the board of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, a body working to repeal laws banning medical and recreational use of cannabis. Arran Frood caught up with Doblin for this interview.
How did you get into all this?
When I was 17 years old, two things happened. The first was reading Ken Kesey's One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. I was into literature, not drugs, so when a friend said Kesey wrote part of it on LSD, I thought: "This is incredible!" The second was taking LSD for first time. I felt it really touched part of my psyche that my bar mitzvah hadn't. As a Jew, I was educated about the holocaust and grew up with this sense that I had to study the psyche, and that social insanity was a direct threat to me -- I was preset to look at this stuff. I did psychedelics, went deep down into my psyche and thought: "This might be a tool." I knew as soon as I dropped out that I couldn't handle the emotions the psychedelics brought up.
I thought I was intellectually overdeveloped and emotionally underdeveloped; I needed to drop out to work on what was more important. I awoke to psychedelics' value just as the law was shutting them down. It was very painful -- like having something snatched away.
What made you decide to drop back in, and how did you manage it?
Moving back in had always been my goal -- to promote social change and activism. But I was a draft resister, so I figured I'd never get a licence for any above-board career. What career wouldn't require licensing? Being an underground psychedelic therapist was it. But when Jimmy Carter was elected in 1976, he pardoned the draft resisters -- and that let me think I could rejoin society.
After studying psychology and writing a PhD at Harvard on regulating psychedelics research, I set up the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) to develop the therapeutic use of the then-legal ecstasy [MDMA]. We were also trying to anticipate the banning of MDMA, since we knew from history that there would be a central crackdown. The only way to get MDMA back into some sort of legal context, or even develop it as a prescription medicine, was to work through the Food and Drug Administration, so we set up MAPS as a small non-profit pharmaceutical company.
Does MAPS lobby for drug laws to change?
No, we're not asking for them to be changed because the laws don't really need to change -- we just need the regulations to be followed. The problem is that there's a market failure: certain drugs like MDMA, LSD and marijuana have substantial medical uses, but are not patentable. So pharmaceutical companies have no financial incentive to develop them. Plus these psychedelics will compete against their own products. MAPS has to be non-profit because it relies on donations -- and both donors and MAPS get tax breaks on donations if we are non-profit. We have to raise money from sources that don't usually fund drug research. The abortion drug RU486 was developed this way, so we had a model of non-profit drug development.
How are you doing with attracting backers?
We've conducted a preliminary data analysis of our study into MDMA and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study is being done by Michael and Ann Mithoefer using full double-blind and placebo-controlled techniques. The researchers expect to publish within the year.
The results are remarkable, especially since all the participants had failed to benefit from antidepressant medicines or psychotherapy. This initial study is so strong it has motivated us to change our strategy and not wait for our other studies on psilocybin ("magic mushrooms") and end-of-life anxiety to serve as a comparison before going to investors. The PTSD results are so good we're going full speed to turn MDMA into a prescription medicine. The study will have cost about $1 million, but when people see the results they'll realise it was worth it.
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