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01/04/08: When NIST released its final report, some 10,000 pages in September 2005, it gives no consideration whatsoever to alternative hypotheses, including the possible use of explosives.
The reports after 9/11 gave the impression of a relatively light frame, but in fact, the twin towers were extremely rugged buildings, engineered to withstand hurricane-force winds and even a direct hit by a Boeing 707. The towers survived, despite serious damage, because they were hugely overbuilt, redundant by design.
WTC 1 and 2 each collapsed in approximately 10-12 seconds, only 1-2 seconds slower than the time for a billiard ball to free-fall from the WTC roof to the plaza. But how can this be? This violates the laws of physics? The reader will search the NIST report in vain for any discussion of this important anomaly.
No less puzzling was the fact that the collapses were total and nearly symmetrical. This means, of course, that when the collapses began all of the columns on that floor failed at precisely the same moment. But, again, how could this happen? Even if we assume that the plane impacts severed or damaged a number of columns in the impact zone, and even if we also assume that the fires weakened a number of other nearby columns, the majority of columns in the buildings and even on the affected floors were still at full strength at the moment of collapse.
The totality of the collapse is hard to explain because, the WTC was built with largest and strongest columns in the lower part of the buildings. The towers encountered increasing mass, i.e., resistance, as they fell. The core columns were massive, up to 52 inches wide. The steel in these monster columns was seven inches thick at the base.
Photos of the mountain of wreckage at Ground Zero show very few, if any, large chunks of concrete. The rubble pile consisted almost exclusively of twisted steel. The conspicuous absence of concrete is remarkable, since concrete was the main constituent of the 500,000 ton towers. The buildings were not pulverized as they hit the ground, they disintegrated in midair. As the south tower started to collapse, for example, the entire upper section tipped as a unit, then inexplicably turned to dust before our eyes.
Some of the agency's research was of excellent quality–––some was not. But the main problem is that none of it lends credence to NIST's official conclusions. The metallurgical findings decisively refuted the pancake theory of collapse widely reported in the media after 9/11.
The pancake enthusiasts had argued that the weak link in the WTC was the point of attachment where the trusses connected with the inner and outer columns. These junctions, referred to as angle-clips, were made of relatively lightweight steel and were secured by steel bolts. NIST confirmed that the truss assemblies were not only bolted to the outer perimeter wall, they were also welded, hence, were considerably stronger than expected–––not prone to pancaking. Nor could the pancake model explain the failure of the core columns.
The WTC steel turned out to be significantly stronger than expected. Tests showed that the yield strengths of 87% of all steel tested exceeded the original specifications.
WTC fires burned through the available combustibles at maximum temperatures (1,000ºC) in only about 15-20 minutes. NIST concluded that "the fires in WTC-1 and WTC-2 would not be able to significantly weaken….insulated.…columns within the 102 minutes and 56 minutes, respectively, after impact and prior to collapse." The startling fact is that NIST's own data failed to support its conclusion that the fires of 9/11 heated up the steel columns, causing them to weaken and buckle.
The shocking fact is that the twin towers were combustible fuel-poor, compared with other office buildings: a finding, notice, that does not support the frequent depictions in the media of a ferocious inferno raging beyond anything in human experience. The NIST's collapse model, requires that high temperatures be sustained. But fires the subside after only 15-20 minutes simply cannot weaken enormous steel columns and cause them to buckle.
During the test the surface temperature of the exposed column reached 600ºC in just 13 minutes–––the temperature range where significant loss of strength occurs. NIST scientists found that the original primer paint used on the steel beams and columns was altered by high heat. This made it possible to determine the level of exposure by analyzing the paint on the samples.
The total volume of the steel framework was vast compared with the relatively small area of exposed steel, and would have wicked away much of the fire-generated heat.
In fact only three steel samples showed exposure to temperatures above 250ºC indicates that the steel superstructure was indeed behaving as a heat sink. The fires on 9/11 would have taken many hours, in any event, much longer than the relatively brief allotted span of 56/102 minutes, respectively, to slowly raise the temperature of the steel framework as a whole to the point of weakening even a few exposed members.
Even in the most improbable worst case, in which many or all WTC core columns lost half of their strength, there was still sufficient reserve capacity to support the building.
Shyam Sunder, NIST's lead scientist, probably offered a partial answer when he admitted that "the jet fuel....burned out in less than ten minutes,"
An audio-tape released in August 2002 by the Port Authority of New York, is the only known recording of firefighters inside the towers. This tape of two NYC firemen actually reached the impact/fire zone of the south tower about fourteen minutes before it collapsed.
On reaching the 78th floor sky lobby of WTC-2 they found many dead or seriously injured people; but no raging inferno. Palmer's radio exchange with another fireman shows no hint of panic or fear. The tape shows that the two firemen were not turned back by heat, smoke, or a wall of flames. They were able to function within the fire zone and were prepared to help the injured and combat the few isolated fires they found. Palmer even mentions that the stairway up to the next level, i.e., floor 79, was passable. Minutes later the building came down on their heads.
One of these survivors was Stanley Praimnath, an employee of Fuji Bank who was on the 81st floor when Flight 175 crashed into the south tower. In fact, the wing of the plane reportedly passed within twenty feet from him. Yet, Praimnath escaped without serious burns and in his testimony mentions nothing about a raging inferno.[56] Brian Clark, another survivor, was an executive vice-president of Euro Brokers, based on the 84th floor. As Clark descended the stairs, he heard someone crying out for help. It was Praimnath, who at the time was still trapped on the 81st floor in the rubble. Clark found and freed the man, whereupon, the two escaped together down the stairs. These two survivors are living proof that the official story cannot be right. Both were in the fire zone during and immediately after the impact, when the fires were most intense due to the spilled jet fuel. If the temperatures in the core were 1,000ºC or higher, as NIST would have us believe, the two men would have died within minutes.
The moment Crossing the Rubicon by Michael Ruppert was in print, copies were rushed to major news outlets including the New York Times, the Washington Post, the LA Times, and NEWSWEEK. None of them has ever reviewed the book, though it is one of two best-selling texts on 9/11 from the skeptical point of view – nor have they ever even mentioned it. To quote Mark Robinowitz, Rubicon "has sold 100,000 copies despite a deafening silence from the media, an extremely unusual circumstance for a book.
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